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Crews test integrity of soil under Heritage Center site
Crews test integrity of soil under Heritage Center site
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Design and Load Combination Applications in Steel Buildings
There are two approaches that have been commonly taken in the correct design and load combination approach to steel building construction. We will discuss these two methods. One is called the ultimate design method and the second is the allowable stress design method.
The ultimate design method is also known as the strength design method. In this approach all of the loads (wind, snow, and seismic) are condensed and multiplied by a load factor with the resulting number further enhanced by a probability factor. The known ultimate capacity of the building is then compared to the resultant combined load number. The industry standard Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is then applied to the calculation if the building is to be constructed of steel.
The LFRD can be followed as it is a more predictable and reliable design template than the allowable stress design method which will be discussed later. LFRD, though, does not have widespread acceptance now, but may be the future for all steel building design. The arguments for and against each system revolve around economies of design and only time will tell which method will win out in popularity for the industry.
The allowable stress design method utilizes given functional qualities of loads that result in combination of numbers representing these loads. The total stress level of each load is then analyzed and compared with the allowable stress value number. This number is, in turn, normally increased by 33% for proper earthquake or wind loading. In this method there is no one set way to add in all of the loads that may come into play with the design of the steel building. The local building codes are deemed superior when any loads are seen as inadequate or questionable. One of the most recent descriptions of the correct combining of loads simply adds the effects of the loads together in one number. For steel building systems that are subject to normal loads, these are expressed as the combination of dead, roof live, snow, wind, seismic, temperature, and soil pressure loads in various combinations.
The point of the variable stress design method is not to allow any given load number to predominate but also make sure that seemingly secondary loads such as earthquake factoring are not minimized so that the steel building can be designed and built with precise engineering that will make the likelihood of a long, serviceable life for the structure high.
There are instances when all of the “standard” loading combinations also need to add in some “non-standard” loading tolerances because of local coding issues or based on engineering decisions specially applied to a particular project. These anomalies should be brought to the manufacturer’s, broker’s, or contract manufacturer’s attention as quickly as possible as the pricing of the building could be affected, hopefully before a contracted price has been agreed upon. Load variances from the ”norm” need to be factored in and insisted upon, if the local conditions warrant, to ensure that the completed project will be of sound loading quality.